Identification of Groundwater's Type in Sarabium Archaeological Site – Atfiyah – Egypt and Its Microbiological Effect

Rabea Radi Abdel Kader; Abdel Hamid Kafafy; Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El-Sayed

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ija.20160405.13

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Identification of Groundwater's Type in Sarabium Archaeological Site – Atfiyah – Egypt and Its Microbiological Effect

Rabea Radi Abdel Kader, Abdel Hamid Kafafy, Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El-Sayed

Published in International Journal of Archaeology (Volume 4, Issue 5)

Received: 19 June 2016 Accepted: 30 July 2016 Published: 29 August 2016

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Abstract

Sarabium archaeological site locates in Atfiyah center – Egypt, it belonged to 26^th dynasty, the site suffers from the groundwater which affects badly on the deterioration of the building materials there, many microorganisms grow on lime stone carved coffins and ruins, they produce organic compounds which react with lime stone and turn to soluble salts, this is called biological weathering of the lime stone. This research will include the identification of the ground water's type and the microorganisms grown, their visible effect.

Published in	International Journal of Archaeology (Volume 4, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.ija.20160405.13
Page(s)	67-77
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2016. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Sarabium Archaeological Site, Ground Water, Microorganisms, Limestone

References

[1]	Mission égypto-française d’Atfih, Atfih, la nécropole des vaches sacrées (mission 2008), Institut d' Egyptologie Francois Daumas, Universite Paul Valery, France, 2008.
[2]	Nick A. Cutler, Heather A. Viles, Samin Ahmad, Stephen McCabe, Bernard J. Smith, Algal ‘greening’ and the conservation of stone heritage structures, Science of the Total Environment 442, (2013), P: 153.
[3]	Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El-Sayed Mahgoub, "Evaluation of Wild and Domestic Trees and Plants Hazards, their Role in the Deterioration of Archaeological Buildings Ruins, Methods of Treatment and Assessment of these Hazards Applied on a Chosen Historical Building and Site", PhD thesis, Restoration department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Egypt, 2015/2016.
[4]	Rabea Radi Abdel Kader and Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed, " The study of ground water effect and risks on the safety of the Archaeological Islamic buildings in Egypt applied on Azabk El-Youssefi Madrasa'', Built Heritage 2013 Monitoring Conservation Management, Italy, PP: 1212-1216.
[5]	Honeyborne, B. D., "Weathering and decay of masonry "in" conservation of building and decorative stone", first publish, Butterworth Heinemann, Great Britain, 1990.
[6]	Oliver, A., "Dampness in buildings", BSP publishers, 1998.
[7]	Mitchell, R.,"The role of micro-organisms in the deterioration of atmospheric pollutants of stone used in historic buildings and monuments ", Harvard university, Division of engineering &applied sciences, January 2001.
[8]	Kumar, R., et al., "Biodeterioration of stone in tropical environments", the Getty conservation institute, 1999.
[9]	Johnson, J. S., "Soluble salts and deterioration of archaeological materials", national park service, Washington, August 1998.
[10]	Ismail, B.,"Environmental deterioration and conservation of monumental basalt, Egypt", Bull Enviro. Res. Vol 7, No. 1, Assiut.
[11]	Charola, A. E., "Salts in the deterioration of porous materials "An overview, in JAIC 39, 2000.

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APA Style

Rabea Radi Abdel Kader, Abdel Hamid Kafafy, Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El-Sayed. (2016). Identification of Groundwater's Type in Sarabium Archaeological Site – Atfiyah – Egypt and Its Microbiological Effect. International Journal of Archaeology, 4(5), 67-77. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ija.20160405.13

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ACS Style

Rabea Radi Abdel Kader; Abdel Hamid Kafafy; Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El-Sayed. Identification of Groundwater's Type in Sarabium Archaeological Site – Atfiyah – Egypt and Its Microbiological Effect. Int. J. Archaeol. 2016, 4(5), 67-77. doi: 10.11648/j.ija.20160405.13

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AMA Style

Rabea Radi Abdel Kader, Abdel Hamid Kafafy, Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El-Sayed. Identification of Groundwater's Type in Sarabium Archaeological Site – Atfiyah – Egypt and Its Microbiological Effect. Int J Archaeol. 2016;4(5):67-77. doi: 10.11648/j.ija.20160405.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ija.20160405.13,
  author = {Rabea Radi Abdel Kader and Abdel Hamid Kafafy and Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El-Sayed},
  title = {Identification of Groundwater's Type in Sarabium Archaeological Site – Atfiyah – Egypt and Its Microbiological Effect},
  journal = {International Journal of Archaeology},
  volume = {4},
  number = {5},
  pages = {67-77},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ija.20160405.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ija.20160405.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ija.20160405.13},
  abstract = {Sarabium archaeological site locates in Atfiyah center – Egypt, it belonged to 26th dynasty, the site suffers from the groundwater which affects badly on the deterioration of the building materials there, many microorganisms grow on lime stone carved coffins and ruins, they produce organic compounds which react with lime stone and turn to soluble salts, this is called biological weathering of the lime stone. This research will include the identification of the ground water's type and the microorganisms grown, their visible effect.},
 year = {2016}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Identification of Groundwater's Type in Sarabium Archaeological Site – Atfiyah – Egypt and Its Microbiological Effect
AU  - Rabea Radi Abdel Kader
AU  - Abdel Hamid Kafafy
AU  - Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El-Sayed
Y1  - 2016/08/29
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ija.20160405.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ija.20160405.13
T2  - International Journal of Archaeology
JF  - International Journal of Archaeology
JO  - International Journal of Archaeology
SP  - 67
EP  - 77
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-7595
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ija.20160405.13
AB  - Sarabium archaeological site locates in Atfiyah center – Egypt, it belonged to 26th dynasty, the site suffers from the groundwater which affects badly on the deterioration of the building materials there, many microorganisms grow on lime stone carved coffins and ruins, they produce organic compounds which react with lime stone and turn to soluble salts, this is called biological weathering of the lime stone. This research will include the identification of the ground water's type and the microorganisms grown, their visible effect.
VL  - 4
IS  - 5
ER  -

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Author Information

Rabea Radi Abdel Kader

Restoration Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Abdel Hamid Kafafy

Restoration Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El-Sayed

Restoration Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt

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APA Style

Rabea Radi Abdel Kader, Abdel Hamid Kafafy, Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El-Sayed. (2016). Identification of Groundwater's Type in Sarabium Archaeological Site – Atfiyah – Egypt and Its Microbiological Effect. International Journal of Archaeology, 4(5), 67-77. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ija.20160405.13

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ACS Style

Rabea Radi Abdel Kader; Abdel Hamid Kafafy; Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El-Sayed. Identification of Groundwater's Type in Sarabium Archaeological Site – Atfiyah – Egypt and Its Microbiological Effect. Int. J. Archaeol. 2016, 4(5), 67-77. doi: 10.11648/j.ija.20160405.13

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Rabea Radi Abdel Kader, Abdel Hamid Kafafy, Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El-Sayed. Identification of Groundwater's Type in Sarabium Archaeological Site – Atfiyah – Egypt and Its Microbiological Effect. Int J Archaeol. 2016;4(5):67-77. doi: 10.11648/j.ija.20160405.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ija.20160405.13,
  author = {Rabea Radi Abdel Kader and Abdel Hamid Kafafy and Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El-Sayed},
  title = {Identification of Groundwater's Type in Sarabium Archaeological Site – Atfiyah – Egypt and Its Microbiological Effect},
  journal = {International Journal of Archaeology},
  volume = {4},
  number = {5},
  pages = {67-77},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ija.20160405.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ija.20160405.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ija.20160405.13},
  abstract = {Sarabium archaeological site locates in Atfiyah center – Egypt, it belonged to 26th dynasty, the site suffers from the groundwater which affects badly on the deterioration of the building materials there, many microorganisms grow on lime stone carved coffins and ruins, they produce organic compounds which react with lime stone and turn to soluble salts, this is called biological weathering of the lime stone. This research will include the identification of the ground water's type and the microorganisms grown, their visible effect.},
 year = {2016}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Identification of Groundwater's Type in Sarabium Archaeological Site – Atfiyah – Egypt and Its Microbiological Effect
AU  - Rabea Radi Abdel Kader
AU  - Abdel Hamid Kafafy
AU  - Shaimaa Sayed Mohamed El-Sayed
Y1  - 2016/08/29
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ija.20160405.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ija.20160405.13
T2  - International Journal of Archaeology
JF  - International Journal of Archaeology
JO  - International Journal of Archaeology
SP  - 67
EP  - 77
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-7595
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ija.20160405.13
AB  - Sarabium archaeological site locates in Atfiyah center – Egypt, it belonged to 26th dynasty, the site suffers from the groundwater which affects badly on the deterioration of the building materials there, many microorganisms grow on lime stone carved coffins and ruins, they produce organic compounds which react with lime stone and turn to soluble salts, this is called biological weathering of the lime stone. This research will include the identification of the ground water's type and the microorganisms grown, their visible effect.
VL  - 4
IS  - 5
ER  -

Copy | Download